Artificial Intelligence and Medicine  
Compiled by Shayne Knapp and Apryl Ferrell

    Medical systems that incorporate artificial intelligence are focused on supporting healthcare workers in their job duties. Artificial intelligence is being applied to medical diagnosis and surgical procedures, as well as the analysis of data in identifying risk factors. The purpose of this website is to provide an index to the various information pages concerning AI in medicine that can be found on the Internet.
 

A good place to start

A general overview to AI in Medicine can be found at http://www.coiera.com/aimd.htm, which summarizes a book entitled "Guide to Medical Informatics, the Internet and Telemedicine". This site provides a good starting place for one to become familiar with how artificial intelligence is being used in medical settings and what future applications exist for AI in medicine.

 

Institutions focusing on Medical AI

Center for Advanced Medical Informatics at Stanford (CAMIS)- This research center at Stanford University posts a website that presents numerous ongoing projects applying AI to medicine.

Center for Biological and Computational Learning (CBCL)- Based in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, this center uses a combinatory approach to AI utilizing neuroscience and learning.

MEDG –The acronym stands for "Medical Group", which is pronounced as MED-jee and identifies a research group at MIT that works on medical applications of computer science and artificial intelligence. It focuses specifically on the area of medicine with such applications as personal medical assistants, electronically web-based medical record access to multiple institutions, and knowledge-based tools for constructing monitoring, analysis, and interpretation systems.

Department of Medical Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence– This is a special department of the Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence which is part of the University of Vienna. This site explains what is available for students who are looking for a program that involves AI and medicine.

 

 AI Applications in Medicine:

Neural Nets in Medicine

EEG Data Processing With Neural Networks- This webpage is an index of Internet information on how  neural networks can be used in processing EEG's, or electrical brain wave activity.

 

Expert Systems in Medicine

 All About Expert Systems- An in depth description of expert systems such as what they are (including examples), how they are useful, and how they work, is the purpose for this website.

Artificial Intelligence Systems in Routine Clinical- This is the jump-off page that leads to summary descriptions of 38 artificial intelligence systems that have been in routine use in medical settings.

 

Medical Robotics

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) – A revolutionary approach to surgery, MIS is a joint project between University of California at Berkeley, Endorobotics Corporation, and the University of California at San Francisco.

 

Further Information and Resources

Journals and Books

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, International Journal published by Elsevier Science. Commenced Publication in 1989.

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe, AIME '95, Pavia, Italy, June 25-28, 1995.

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe, Munich, Germany, October 3-6, 1993.

Artificial Intelligence Technique for Information & Fact Retrieval: An Application in Medical Knowledge Processing by Nicholas V. Findler.

Clinical Decision Support Systems in Theory and Practice - E. S. Berner (Editor).

Computer Programs in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine by D. John Doyle.

Expert Systems and Decision Support in Medicine: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Gmds, Efmi Special Topic Meeting, Peter L. Reichertz Memorial Conference, Hannover, September 26-29, 1988.

Handbook of Clinical Automation, Robotics, and Optimization by Gerald J. Kost and Judith Welsh.

Knowledge Based Systems in Medicine: Methods, Applications & Evaluation: Proceedings of the Workshop "System Engineering in Medicine" Maastricht, March 16-18, 1989.
 

Articles and Reviews

Knowledge Engineering in Health Informatics by Homer R. Warner, Dean K. Sorenson, and Omar Bouhaddou.

Categorical and Probabilistic Reasoning in Medicine Revisited - Technological advances in medical reasoning since a prepublished paper by the authors in 1978.

Cavusoglu, M. C. Control of a Telesurgical Workstation (~481 K). M.S. Project Report.  University of California at Berkeley, May 20, 1997. Also UC Berkeley ERL Memo M97/35, May 1997.

Cavusoglu, M. C., J. Yan, and S. S. Sastry. A Hybrid System Approach to Contact Stability and Force Control in Robotic Manipulators (~196 K). In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control (ISIC'97), Istanbul, Turkey, July 16-18, 1997, pp. 143-148.

Cohn, M., L. S. Crawford, J. M. Wendlandt, S. S. Sastry. Millirobotics for Telesurgery (1.1meg). Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, Pittburgh, PA, September 1994.

Cohn, M., L. S. Crawford, J. M. Wendlandt, S. S. Sastry. Surgical Applications of Milli-Robots (1.6 meg). Journal of Robotic Systems, June 1995, vol.12, (no.6): pp. 401-16. Also UC Berkeley ERL Memo Number M95/17

Cohn, M.B., M. Lam, R. S. Fearing. Tactile feedback for teleoperation. (Telemanipulator technology, Boston, MA, USA, 15-16 Nov. 1992). Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1993, vol.1833, pp. 240-54.

Crawford, L. S. A Dextrous Master for Telesurgery (350 K). UC Berkeley ERL Memo Number M93/95, December 1993.

Deno, C., R. Murray, K. Pister, and S. Sastry. Finger-Like Biomechanical Robots. UC Berkeley ERL Memo, 1992.

Deno, D. C., J. M. Wendlandt, M. B. Cohn, and S. S. Sastry. Actuation and Force Sensing for Cable Driven, Teleoperated Manipulators. Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality I, San Diego, June 1992.

Fearing, R.S. Tactile Sensing Mechanisms. International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 9, no. 3, June 1990, pp. 3-23.

Fearing, R. S., G. Moy, and E. Tan. Some Basic Issues in Teletaction.  In Proceedings of the IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation, April 1997.

Federal Ministry of Science and Research, Oesterreichische Studiengesellschaft fuer Kybernetik, Wien, 1983.

Fein, M. Artificial Intelligence In Medicine   (1988) PC AI, 2(4), 74.

Fein, M Artificial Intelligence In Medicine . (1989) PC AI, 3(1), 33.

Gray, B.L., R. S. Fearing. A surface micromachined microtactile sensor array. Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 1996, vol.1, pp. 1-6.

Nicholson, E.J., R. S. Fearing. Sensing Capabilities of Linear Elastic Cylindrical Fingers. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Yokohama, Japan, July 1993.

Sastry, S. S., M. Cohn, F. Tendick. Millirobotics for remote, minimally-invasive surgery. Journal of Robotic Systems, to appear 1997.

Szolovits P.: Artificial Intelligence and Medicine, in Szolovits P.(ed.), Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1982.

Tendick, F., S. Bhoyrul, and L. Way. Comparison of laparoscopic imaging systems and conditions using a knot tying task. Journal of Image Guided Surgery, vol. 2, no. 1, 1996. In press.

Tendick F., and M. C. Cavusoglu. Human Machine Interfaces for Minimally Invasive Surgery. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS'97), Chicago, IL, October 30- November 2, 1997.

Tendick, F., R. Jennings, G. Tharp, and L. Stark. Sensing and manipulation problems in endoscopic surgery: Experiment, Analysis, and Observation. Presence, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 66-81, winter 1993.

Tendick, F., T. Mori, and L. Way. The future of laparoscopic surgery. In L. Way, S. Bhoyrul, and T. Mori, eds., Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery, Churchill-Livingstone, 1995.

Trappl R., Szer A., Huebner H.: Software-Innovation in Medicine with Special Emphasis on Artificial Intelligence Methods, Report to the Austrian

Wendlandt, J. M., S. S. Sastry. Design and Control of a Simplified Stewart Platform for Endoscopy (300 K). Proceedings of the 1994 Conference on Decision and Control, vol. 1, pp. 357-362.

Wendlandt, J. M. Milli Robotics for Endoscopy (600 K). UC Berkeley ERL Memo Number M94/7, January 1994.

Uckun S.: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 5(2), 89-92, 1993.